The Ultimate Guide to Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry
Hydrocarbons
1. Alkane
General Structure: R-H
Example: CH₃-CH₃ (Ethane)
Structural Representation
H H
| |
H - C - C - H
| |
H H
2. Alkene
General Structure: R-CH=CH-R
Example: CH₂=CH₂ (Ethene)
Structural Representation
H H
\ /
C = C
/ \
H H
3. Alkyne
General Structure: R-C≡C-R
Example: HC≡CH (Ethyne)
Structural Representation
H - C ≡ C - H
4. Arenes (Aromatic)
General Structure: Benzene Ring (C₆H₅-R)
Example: C₆H₅-CH₃ (Toluene)
Structural Representation
CH3
/ \
|| |
\ /
Halogen & Oxygen Groups
5. Alkyl Halide
General Structure: R-X (X = F, Cl, Br, I)
Example: CH₃-Cl (Chloromethane)
Structural Representation
H
|
H - C - Cl
|
H
6. Alcohol
General Structure: R-OH
Example: CH₃-CH₂-OH (Ethanol)
Structural Representation
H H
| |
H - C - C - O - H
| |
H H
7. Phenol
General Structure: C₆H₅-OH
Example: Phenol
Structural Representation
OH
/ \
|| |
\ /
8. Ether
General Structure: R-O-R'
Example: CH₃-O-CH₃ (Dimethyl Ether)
Structural Representation
H H
| |
H - C - O - C - H
| |
H H
Carbonyl Compounds
9. Aldehyde
General Structure: R-CHO
Example: CH₃-CHO (Ethanal)
Structural Representation
H O
| //
H - C - C
| \
H H
10. Ketone
General Structure: R-CO-R'
Example: CH₃-CO-CH₃ (Acetone)
Structural Representation
H O H
| // |
H - C - C - C - H
| |
H H
11. Carboxylic Acid
General Structure: R-COOH
Example: CH₃-COOH (Ethanoic Acid)
Structural Representation
H O
| //
H - C - C
| \
H O - H
12. Ester
General Structure: R-COO-R'
Example: CH₃-COO-CH₃ (Methyl Ethanoate)
Structural Representation
H O H
| // |
H - C - C - O - C - H
| |
H H
Nitrogen Compounds
13. Amine
General Structure: R-NH₂
Example: CH₃-NH₂ (Methylamine)
Structural Representation
H H
| |
H - C - N - H
|
H
14. Amide
General Structure: R-CONH₂
Example: CH₃-CONH₂ (Ethanamide)
Structural Representation
H O
| //
H - C - C
| \
H N - H
|
H
15. Nitro Compound
General Structure: R-NO₂
Example: CH₃-NO₂ (Nitromethane)
Structural Representation
H O
| //
H - C - N
| \
H O
16. Nitrile (Cyanide)
General Structure: R-C≡N
Example: CH₃-CN (Ethanenitrile)
Structural Representation
H
|
H - C - C ≡ N
|
H
Sulfur Compounds
17. Thiol
General Structure: R-SH
Example: CH₃-SH (Methanethiol)
Structural Representation
H
|
H - C - S - H
|
H
18. Sulfoxide
General Structure: R-SO-R'
Example: CH₃-SO-CH₃ (Dimethyl Sulfoxide)
Structural Representation
H O H
| || |
H - C - S - C - H
| |
H H
19. Sulfone
General Structure: R-SO₂-R'
Example: CH₃-SO₂-CH₃ (Dimethyl Sulfone)
Structural Representation
O
||
H - S - H
| || |
H - C - S - C - H
| |
H H
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